International Journal Of Drug Research And Dental Science

“Comparative Evaluation of Clinical Changes and Microbial Flora Associated with Usage of Mouth Washes Containing Green Tea, Chlorhexidine (0.2%) and Essential Oils in Patients Undergoing Orthodontic Therapy”

2021-05-11T22:15:37-04:00

Introduction: Periodontal disease results from a complex interplay between the subgingival biofilm and the host immune-inflammatory events that develop in the gingival and periodontal tissues in response to the challenge presented by the bacteria 1 an increasing number of people all over the world are turning to nature by using natural herbal products in both prophylaxis and treatment of different diseases. Plants are the source of more than 25% of prescription and over-the-counter preparations and the potential of natural agents for oral prophylaxis should therefore be considered.

Objectives: To evaluate the clinical changes before and after the use of Green tea, Chlorhexidine (0.2%), and Essential oil mouthwashes in patients undergoing orthodontic therapy. To evaluate the antimicrobial properties of the three mouthwashes in patients undergoing orthodontic therapy. To compare the clinical changes and antimicrobial properties of the three mouthwashes in patients undergoing orthodontic therapy.

Methodology: Sixty patients of age group 13-35 yrs with minimal crowding were selected for this study. Subjects with minimal crowding were selected based on the Little’s Irregularity Index score range up to 3. The gingival health status and presence of bleeding on probing were assessed by Gingival index by Loe and Silness (1963) and Papillary bleeding index (PBI) by Muhleman and Saxer (1975) 64 after 2 weeks of placement of orthodontic brackets. Plaque samples were collected and sent for microbiological analysis to estimate colony-forming units. The subjects were randomly allocated to one of the following groups. Each group consisted of 20 subjects.

Group I: Green tea mouth wash (10ml to be rinsed for 30 seconds twice daily).

Group II: Chlorhexidine mouth wash (0.2%) (10ml to be rinsed for 30 seconds twice daily).

Group III: Essential oil mouth wash (10ml to be rinsed for 30 seconds twice daily).

After the 14^th day and 21^st day, the subjects were recalled and the gingival and bleeding indices were recorded. Supragingival plaque sample was collected using a sterile jaquette scaler for microbiological analysis.

Results: When the gingival index was compared on the baseline, 14^th, and 21^st day between the three groups, it was observed that the chlorhexidine group showed a decrease in the gingival index followed by green tea mouthwash and essential oil mouthwash. When the papillary bleeding index was compared between the three groups on baseline, 14^th day and 21^st day it was observed that chlorhexidine shows the least papillary bleeding index followed by green tea mouth wash and essential oil mouthwash. A comparison of the total CFU of various mouthwashes in this study revealed that 0.2% CHX mouthwash was the most effective in reducing the total microbial colony count (33.96% reduction in total bacterial colony count from baseline to 14th day and 51.42% reduction in total bacterial colony count from 14^th day to 21^st day), followed by green tea mouth wash (15.8% reduction in total bacterial colony count from baseline to 14^th day and 27.37% reduction in total bacterial colony count from 14^th day to 21^st day) and essential oil mouth wash (wash (6.39% reduction in total bacterial colony count from baseline to 14th day and 2.6% reduction in total bacterial colony count from 14^th day to 21^st day).

Conclusion: It was concluded that all three mouthwashes in this study are equally effective by showing significant clinical and microbiological changes after the usage in patients undergoing orthodontic therapy. Chlorhexidine mouthwashes showed better clinical and microbiological changes after the usage followed by green tea mouthwashes and essential oil mouthwashes. Green tea mouthwash can be recommended as a safe anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial mouthwash to control gingival inflammation and to maintain good oral hygiene during orthodontic treatment.

Management of Gagging and Anxiety in Children by Play Way Method

2021-05-16T02:50:43-04:00

Introduction: The gag reflex (GR) is an innate healthy defense mechanism that helps prevent foreign bodies from entering the trachea. Psychological, anatomic, iatrogenic, local, and systemic factors influence the GR. The pharyngeal reflex that prevents choking involves five triggering zones in the oral cavity: the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds, the post-pharyngeal wall, the uvula, the palate, and the base of the tongue. So, this study is undertaken to determine gag reflux using the Intellectual Colored game distraction technique during the dental impression.

Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the effect of distraction using the intellectual colored game (ICG) on the severity of GR and anxiety in children during the dental impression.

Methodology: 50 children aged between 5 to 11 years, needing upper alginate impressions will be selected for the study and will be divided into 2 groups of 25 each. Children’s baseline anxiety will be evaluated according to the Buchanan’s Facial Image Scale (FIS) before any impression attempt. In Group 1 the upper alginate impression will be taken without playing ICG and group 2 upper alginate impressions will be taken while playing ICG.

Result: Statistical analysis showed that 28% and 76% of children from the control and treatment groups respectively had a higher level of anxiety before the use of the distraction technique. However, 12% and 4% of children had higher anxiety after the use of distraction technique and a statistically significant change in anxiety in the treatment group with existing anxiety level (Z = -3.412, p = 0.001) was observed.

Conclusion: Intellectual distraction is a safe, successful & cost-effective method for gag reflux management in pediatric dentistry. The Intellectual coloured game diverted the child’s attention during the stressful alginate impression, henceforth it should be considered to further advance behaviour management techniques.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Related to Management of Medical Emergencies in the Dental Office among Dental Practitioners in Chikkaballapur District, Karnataka

2021-05-11T22:15:36-04:00

Introduction: A medical emergency is a sudden and unexpected onset of illness or injury that is acute and poses an immediate risk to a patient’s life. Such emergencies are likely to occur within the confines of the dental office. Dental practitioners should possess the knowledge to identify and manage a potentially life‑threatening situation. Hence the present study was conducted to assess Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice related to the Management of Medical Emergencies in the Dental Office among Dental Practitioners in Chikkaballapur district, Karnataka.

Methods: A pretested questionnaire was created on Google forms and the link to the questionnaire was sent to the dental practitioners in the Chikkaballapur district. Reminders were sent to the subjects at regular intervals to fill the questionnaire and a total of 251 responded.

Results: Among the 251 participating dentists 55.8 % of respondents were trained in the BLS program and 46.2% were trained in the intravenous administration of drugs. 61% of the respondents were confident in handling a medical emergency in the dental office. 92.8% of the respondents felt that basic life support programs should be a part of continuing dental education.

Conclusion: The study showed that basic knowledge regarding the management of medical emergencies and dealing with the same was satisfactory among the study subjects. Also, there is a need to emphasize more training in medical emergencies through workshops and continuing dental education.

Knowledge and Attitude Towards Choosing Public Health Dentistry as a Choice for Post Graduation among Interns of Dental Colleges in Bangalore City

2021-05-11T22:15:37-04:00

Introduction: In India, before 1980, there were only 39 dental colleges with few dentists being available for services, This scenario changed completely after 1980, with an intense increase in the number of dental colleges, which reached around 240 in 2007. Public Health Dentistry is considered as a non-clinical department, though it is a clinical specialty offering preventive and comprehensive treatment to the masses, and is given less priority by the students as their choice in post-graduation. Hence, the present study was carried out with an aim to explore the Knowledge and attitude towards choosing Public Health Dentistry as a choice for post-graduation among interns of Dental Colleges in Bangalore city.

Methods: A pretested closed-ended questionnaire was created on Google forms and forwarded to the interns of various Dental Colleges in Bangalore via email. The first section of the questionnaire consisted of demographic details of the study participant such as name, age, and gender. The second section consisted of questions to evaluate their knowledge and attitude towards Public Health Dentistry. The questionnaire survey was conducted over a period of two months from September to October 2019.

Results: 402 out of the total 755 dental interns responded to the questionnaire. Only 2% of respondents took a liking/interest in the subject of Public Health Dentistry during their under graduation, and also were keen to pursue a post-graduate degree in the same. The findings of this study suggest that though a vast majority of interns were aware of the importance and scope of Public Health Dentistry, only a meagre number of interns wanted to pursue post-graduation in the subject.

An Algorithm for Clinical Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea

2021-05-11T22:15:38-04:00

Purpose: Different approaches for treating obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have been reported over the years. This review summarizes an overview of the current literature available on the treatment of OSA and proposes an algorithm or clinical workflow for the management of the same.

Methods: Peer-reviewed publications were searched on PubMed and MEDLINE. Articles published in the English language were considered for the review. The keywords used were Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Continuous Positive Airway Pressure, Oral Appliances, Mandibular repositioning appliance, and Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

Results: Behaviour management, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), oral devices, and other interventions have been reported to control Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Clinicians should make a treatment plan depending on the clinical diagnosis and the severity of the symptoms of the patient.

Conclusion: Apnoea/Hypopnea index (AHI) should be used by the clinicians for assessing the severity of the disorder prior to treatment. As per the current literature, it was observed that patients have a higher compliance rate with oral appliance therapy as compared to Continuous Positive Airway Pressure.

Periodontal Disease & Cardiovascular Disease- The Mouth to Heart Connection: An Overview

2021-06-06T04:52:48-04:00

The concept of periodontal medicine has been debated for years since its introduction. Research in the past has made it clear that there exists a strong positive correlation between periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease. The microbes of periodontal disease have been seen to colonize the cardiac tissues and create inflammation. The host’s inflammatory response to the bacteria insult also causes damage to the cardiovascular system especially the chemical mediators such as cytokines, prostaglandins, and matrix metalloproteinases. Thus, this literature review aims at highlighting the pathophysiology of cardiac disease and the role of periodontitis in the etiology. It also aims at highlighting the various novel biomarkers that can be used for the early detection and diagnosis of both inflammatory conditions.

Intra Oral Prosthetic Device as an Adjunct Therapy for Treatment of Erythema Multiforme: A Case Report

2021-05-11T22:15:38-04:00

Erythema Multiforme (EM) is an acute inflammatory disease of the skin and mucous membranes that causes a variety of skin lesions—hence the name “multiforme.” The oral lesions, typically inflammatory, are accompanied by rapidly rupturing vesicles and bullae. EM has several clinical presentations: from milder self-limiting form to severe life-threatening form that may present as either Stevens-Johnson syndrome or Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN).¹ The most common triggers for episodes of EM are herpes simplex virus and drug reactions.² EM includes both generalized symptoms such as fever and malaise and oral lesions starting as bullae on an erythematous base which break rapidly into irregular ulcers.¹ Analysis of the dental literature indicated limited evidence about the use of dental removable prosthesis in oral lesions manifested by EM.^3,4 This case report describes a multi-disciplinary approach for the treatment of erythema multiforme with the use of the intra-oral dental prosthetic device.

Fortuitously Discovered: Compound odontoma- A Case Study

2021-06-06T04:36:34-04:00

Many Development anomalies of the maxilla and mandible diagnosed incidentally on radiographs usually are asymptomatic, however the basis for evaluation being delayed eruption of teeth or impaction of permanent teeth. Odontomas are odontogenic benign tumors composed of dental tissue and usually thought of as “tooth hamartomas” with the lesion consisting of various tooth components. This paper describes the case report of a 12-year-old girl with an impacted central incisor and on the basis of clinical and radiological examination diagnosis of an odontoma is made.

Corona (Covid19) Virus: A Global Threat and Dentistry Managements- A Mini-Review

2021-05-16T02:46:22-04:00

Pneumonia kind of infection caused by coronavirus usually β-type has recently been found in the Wuhan city of China. Strains of this corona are found in bats of genome identity of 96.2% of Bat CoV RaTG13 (Bat type coronavirus). persons affected show symptoms like fever, cough, and sneeze that is likely to spread infections such as droplet inhalant transmission and contact transmissions. A dentist who is in clinical practise is more prone to exposure to face-to-face transmission and through saliva, blood, instruments used by patients, and body fluids. Dentists and patients can expose to infectious microorganisms like both bacteria and viruses especially corona virus-infected patients during dental procedures such as a contaminated instrument or through direct transmissions at dental clinics and hospitals during an outbreak of COVID19. All dental professionals should be aware of how to identify the infected patients and protective measures to be followed in clinics and hospitals to prevent the spread of this disease. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2) is the key receptor used by this virus for spreading especially in oral cavity salivary ducts contain more of this enzyme so in dentistry, saliva is more prone to be exposed by a dentist through droplets or aerosols in which person to person transmissions or through contaminated instruments. Dental professionals play a pre-vital role in the prevention of spreading of the disease and a knowledge guide of precautionary measures that should be mandatory during dental procedures are briefly explained in this article.