Alveolar Bone Destruction in Periodontitis- An Overview
Abstract
Inflammatory periodontal disease is caused by periodontopathogenic bacteria. As the inflammation worsens, bone tissue, or alveolar bone, is eventually destroyed. Although the immune system of periodontal tissues protects against the invasion of these bacteria, tissue destruction, including the destruction of bone tissue, happens as a result of the innate and acquired immunity of the host being compromised by the persistent infection. Osteoclasts are necessary for the breakdown of bone. Hematopoietic stem cells give rise to osteoclast progenitor cells, which eventually differentiate into osteoclasts. Furthermore, bone loss happens when osteoclasts resorb more bone than osteoblasts create. Apart from this mechanism, in periodontitis, osteoclasts are activated, and alveolar bone is destroyed by pathogenic factors of periodontal bacteria and mechanical stress. This article describes an overview of the various aspects of bone morphology, factors responsible for bone resorption, and the mechanism of resorption in periodontitis.
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