Efficacy of Melatonin Supplementation as an Adjunct to Periodontal Therapy

  • Merlin Thomas Post Graduate, Department of Periodontics, S.D.M. College of Dental Science and Hospital, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India.
  • Swati Setty Professor and Head of Department of Periodontics, S.D.M. College of Dental Science and Hospital, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India.
  • Vishwas Kaveeshwar Central Research Laboratory, S.D.M College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India.
  • Shriram Narayan Puranik Central Research Laboratory, S.D.M College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India.
Keywords: IL-8, Melatonin, Non-surgical Periodontal Therapy, Periodontal Disease

Abstract

Background: Melatonin because of its numerous physiological actions is considered a powerful cell protector against molecular damage. It appears to play a key role in the control of periodontitis due to its protective, antioxidant, anticancer, and immunomodulatory properties.

Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of melatonin by oral supplementation (3mg per day for 20 days) in periodontal disease and its effect on the level of IL-8 in the serum sample.

Settings and Design: Non-randomized clinical trial.

Methods and Material: Thirty subjects were categorized into control (periodontally healthy) and experimental groups (generalised periodontitis). Non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) was performed in the given groups. The experimental group received oral administration of 3mg melatonin tablet once daily at bedtime for 20 days. The parameters of the gingival index, plaque index, probing depth, clinical attachment level, and serum level of IL-8 were evaluated in all participants at baseline and after 20 days in the experimental group.

Statistical analysis used: Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Chi-square (χ2) test, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test were performed on the data acquired.

Results: After the intervention of melatonin, a statistically significant reduction in probing depth, plaque index, clinical attachment level, and the gingival index was observed. The increased levels of serumIL-8 were found after treatment with the melatonin supplementation group though the p-value was not found statistically significant.

Conclusions: Oral melatonin supplementation (3mg per day for 20 days) may improve the periodontal status of patients. Therefore, melatonin supplements may be considered a part of the therapeutic approach for non-surgical periodontal therapy.

Key Messages: Oral administration of melatonin (3mg per day for 20 days) may improve periodontal status of patients.

References

Eke PI, Thornton-Evans G, Dye B, Genco R. Advances in Surveillance of Periodontitis: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Periodontal Disease Surveillance Project. J Periodontol 2012; 83:1337–42. doi: https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2012.110676

Slots J. Periodontitis: facts, fallacies and the future. Periodontol 20002017; 75:7–23. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/prd.12221

Petersen PE, Baehni PC. Periodontal health and global public health. Periodontology 20002012:60:7–14. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.2012.00452.x

Emanuela Esposito SC. Antiinflammatory Activity of Melatonin in Central Nervous System. Curr Neuropharmacol 2010; 8:228–42. doi: https://doi.org/10.2174/157015910792246155

Permuy M, López-Peña M, González-Cantalapiedra A, Muñoz F. Melatonin: A Review of Its Potential Functions and Effects on Dental Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:865. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18040865

Kaye, E.K. Nutrition, dietary guidelines and optimal periodontal health. Periodontology 2012, 58, 93–111. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.2011.00418.x

Tinto M, Sartori M, Pizzi I, Verga A, Longoni S. Melatonin as host modulating agent supporting nonsurgical periodontal therapy in patients affected by untreated severe periodontitis: A preliminary randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Periodontal Res 2020; 55:61-67. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jre.12686

Menhinick AM, Bertino JS. The absolute bioavailability of oral melatonin. J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 40:781–4. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/00912700022009422

Tonetti MS, Greenwell H, Kornman KS. Staging and grading of periodontitis: Framework and proposal of a new classification and case definition. J Periodontol 2018; 89:S159‐S72. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jper.18-0006

Montero J, López‐Valverde N, Ferrera MJ, López‐Valverde A.Changes in crevicular cytokines after application of melatonin in patients with periodontal disease. J Clin Exp Dent2017; 9:1081‐87. doi: https://doi.org/10.4317/jced.53934

Bazyar H, Gholinezhad H, Moradi L, Salehi P, Abadi F, Ravanbakhsh M, et al. The effects of melatonin supplementation in adjunct with non-surgical periodontal therapy on periodontal status, serum melatonin and inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with chronic periodontitis: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Inflammopharmacology 2019; 27:67-76. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-018-0539-0

Konopka Ł, Pietrzak A, Brzezińska-Błaszczyk E. Effect of scaling and root planing on interleukin-1β, interleukin-8 and MMP-8 levels in gingival crevicular fluid from chronic periodontitis patients. J Periodont Res 2012; 47: 681–688. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.2012.01480.x

Andersen R, Loebel N, Hammond D, Wilson M. Treatment of periodontal disease by photodisinfection compared to scaling and root planing. J Clin Dent. 2007; 18(2):34-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17508621/

Srinath R, Acharya AB, Thakur SL. Salivary and gingival crevicular fluid melatonin in periodontal health and disease. J Periodontol 2010; 81:277-83. doi: https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2009.090327

Tekbas OF, Ogur R, Korkmaz A, Kilic A, Reiter RJ. Melatonin as an antibiotic: new insights into the actions of this ubiquitous molecule. J Pineal Res 2008; 44:222–26. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079x.2007.00516.x

De la Rocha N, Rotelli A, Aguilar CF and Pelzer L. Structural basis of the anti-inflammatory activity of melatonin. Arzneimittelforschung. 2007; 57:782–86. doi: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1296680

Fitzpatrick F. Cyclooxygenase Enzymes: Regulation and Function. Curr Pharm Des.2004; 10:577–88. doi: https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612043453144

Cutando A, Montero J, Gómez-de Diego R, Ferrera MJ, Lopez-Valverde A. Effect of topical application of melatonin on serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes and periodontal disease. J Clin Exp Dent 2015; 7: e628-33. doi: https://doi.org/10.4317/jced.52604

Finoti L, Nepomuceno R, Pigossi S, et al. Association between interleukin-8 levels and chronic periodontal disease. A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine 2017; 96:22. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097%2FMD.0000000000006932

Ide M, McPartlin D, Coward PY, Crook M, Lumb P, Wilson RF. Effect of treatment of chronic periodontitis on levels of serum markers of acute-phase inflammatory and vascular responses. J Clin Periodontol 2003; 30:334–40. doi: https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-051x.2003.00282.x

D’Aiuto F, Parkar M, Tonetti MS. Periodontal therapy: A novel acute inflammatory model. Inflam Res 2005; 54:412–14. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-005-1375-4

Rodrigues VP, Liberio SA, Lopes FF, Thomaz EB, Guerra RN, Gomes-filho IS, et al. Periodontal status and serum biomarkers levels in haemodialysis patients. J Clin Periodontol 2014; 41:862-68. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.12283

Published
2023-03-31
How to Cite
Thomas, M., Setty, S., Kaveeshwar, V., & Narayan Puranik, S. (2023). Efficacy of Melatonin Supplementation as an Adjunct to Periodontal Therapy. International Journal Of Drug Research And Dental Science, 5(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.36437/ijdrd.2023.5.1.A